Exact boundary observability for nonautonomous quasilinear wave equations

By means of a direct and constructive method based on the theory of semiglobal $C^2$ solution, the local exact boundary observability is shown for nonautonomous 1-D quasilinear wave equations. The essential difference between nonautonomous wave equations and autonomous ones is also revealed.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figure

Séparation de niche entre deux espèces invasives de gobies

Comprendre la coexistence d'espèces et le maintien de la biodiversité est depuis longtemps un point central en écologie des communautés. La notion de niche, ou théorie des niches, a été largement développée depuis l'explication par Darwin de l'impressionnante diversité de la vie sur Terre. Celle-ci est considérée comme un mécanisme majeur permettant la coexistence d'espèces compétitrice au sein des communautés écologiques. La différenciation en niches spécifiques implique des différences spatiales, trophiques, temporelles et/ou une combinaison de celles-ci. Dans cette étude, la sélection d'habitat, les traits d'histoire de vie, la composition alimentaire et les comportements alimentaires de deux espèces invasives de gobiidés, très abondantes et écologiquement similaires (Rhinogobius cliffordpopei et Rhinogobius giurinus), sont comparées afin de tester si la séparation de niches est un mécanisme qui peut potentiellement permettre leur coexistence stable dans le lac Erhai (un lac superficiel d'eau douce du plateau de Yunnan-Guizhou en Chine). Les résultats montrent qu'il y a séparation des niches de ces deux espèces le long d'un axe d'habitat, d'un axe alimentaire (pour l'habitat littoral et pour les adultes et sub-adultes), et d'un axe temporel (en termes de cycles de ponte). Spécifiquement, R. giurinus occupe principalement les habitats profonds (PH) alors que R. cliffordpopei occupe principalement l'habitat littoral (LH). Des analyses corrélatives ont montré que l'abondance de R. giurinus est positivement associée avec la profondeur de l'eau et les substrats composés de sables limoneux et grossiers, tandis que la distribution de R. cliffordpopei est corrélée aux fortes densités en macrozooplankton, les fortes abondances en autres espèces de poissons, les fortes concentrations en oxygène dissout et les fortes densités en macrophytes submergées. Concernant le partage en ressources alimentaires, les deux espèces ont montré de clairs changements au niveau de leur diète ontogénique ainsi que dans les patrons de partage des aliments qui sont significativement différents selon le stade de leur histoire de vie et les habitats. Pour les deux espèces, les juvéniles consomment principalement du macrozooplancton (cladocères et copépodes), alors que les sub-adultes et les adultes consomment principalement des larves de Chironomidae et de Tubificidae. En LH, les sub-adultes et adultes des deux espèces présentent des différences significatives dans leur régime alimentaire alors que les juvéniles ont des régimes similaires. Cependant, en PH et SH, nous n'avons trouvé aucune preuve de partage des ressources alimentaires, quelque soit le stade de vie (juvéniles, sub-adultes et adultes). R. cliffordpopei et R. giurinus présentent un partage de leur niche temporel. En effet, les deux espèces ont des débuts de période de reproduction ainsi que des pics de reproduction à des moments différents. R. cliffordpopei se reproduit de Février à Juin avec un pic de ponte entre Mars et Avril alors que l'activité de reproduction de R. giurinus se fait entre Avril et Août avec un pic de ponte pendant les mois de Mai et Juin. Ces différences ont conduit à un partage temporel des cohortes de taille similaire entre les deux espèces, en particulier pour les larves de petite taille et les juvéniles, qui sont presque exclusivement zooplanctivores et qui exploitent les mêmes ressources alimentaires dans le lac. Cependant, l'activité nycthémérale (activité de locomotion) et le rythme d'alimentation varient légèrement entre les deux espèces, i.e. les deux espèces présentent deux pics d'activités (6:00 - 10:00 et 18:00 - 22:00) et deux principales périodes d'alimentation (6:00 - 10:00 et 18:00 - 22:00) sur un laps de temps de 24h pour les quatre saisons. De plus, notre étude apporte une compréhension complète de la sélection d'habitat et des traits d'histoire de vie (i.e. patron de croissance, biologie de la reproduction et dynamique de population) de ces deux espèces invasives de gobies. Ces résultats biologiques sont essentiels pour la mise en place de programmes économiquement et écologiquement efficaces de contrôle pour les deux espèces de ravageurs. De nouveau programmes de gestion sont fortement recommandés en vue de ces résultats. Par conséquent, dans cette étude, plusieurs programmes de restauration spécifiques et innovants sont proposés pour améliorer les stratégies actuelles de gestion dans une perspective de réduction des coûts et une meilleure efficacité.Understanding species coexistence and maintenance of biodiversity in nature has long been a central issue in community ecology. The niche or niche-based theory has been developed since Darwin's explanation of an amazing diversity of life on the Earth and considered as a major theory explaining the coexistence among competing species within ecological communities. Niche differentiation basically involves spatial, trophic, temporal and/or a combination of them. In the present study, habitat selections, life-history characteristics, diet compositions and feeding behaviors of two highly abundant and ecologically similar invasive goby species (Rhinogobius cliffordpopei and Rhinogobius giurinus) are compared to test whether niche separation is a potential mechanism allow ing the stable coexistence of them in Lake Erhai (a shallow freshwater lake in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of China). The results demonstrated that these two species showed niche separation along habitat axis, food axis (in littoral habitat for sub-adults and adults), and temporal axis in terms of spawning cycles. Specifically, R. giurinus mostly occupied profundal habitat (PH) while R. cliffordpopei mainly used littoral habitat (LH). Correlation analyses revealed that the abundance of R. giurinus was positively associated with deep water, silt and coarse sand substrata, whereas the distribution of R. cliffordpopei was positively associated with high densities of macrozooplanktons and high abundances of other fish species, high concentration of dissolved oxygen and high densities of submerged macrophytes. For food resources partitioning, they showed a clear ontogenetic diet shifts and significantly different food partitioning patterns at different life-history stages and habitats. For both species, macrozooplanktons (Cladocera and Copepoda) were the main food for juveniles while sub-adults and adults primarily consumed Chironomidae larvae and Tubificidae. In LH, sub-adults and adults of the two species significantly differed in their diet compositions while juveniles showed similar diets. In PH and SH, however, there was no evidence for food partitioning between species at all the three life-history stages. R. cliffordpopei and R. giurinus showed temporal niche partitioning as they exhibited different onsets of spawning and peaks of spawning seasons, and thus different growth and population dynamics, though both of them are short-lived species with a life span of about one year. R. cliffordpopei spawned from February to June with a spawning peak occurring in March and April. Spawning activity of R. giurinus occurred from April to August with a peak activity during May and June. These differences resulted in a temporal partitioning for similar-sized cohorts, especially for small-sized larvae and juveniles, which were almost exclusively zooplanktivorous and exploited the same food resources in the lake. Moreover, their different spawning cycles led to different peak seasons for the highest population density of the two species. However, the diel activity (locomotory activity) and feeding rhythm varied slightly between them, i.e. both species showed two peaks of activity (6:00 - 10:00 and 18:00 - 22:00) and two main feeding periods (6:00 - 10:00 and 18:00 - 22:00) in the four seasons. Moreover, our study provides a full understanding of habitat selection and life-history characteristics (i.e. growth pattern, reproduction biology and population dynamic) of the two invasive gobies. These findings are crucial biological aspects for an economically and ecologically effective control programs to the two abundant pest species. The further management programs are highly recommended to give a careful consideration of these findings. Therefore, several specific remediation is suggested to improve the current management strategies from the perspective of cost-efficiency

Fairness Comparison of Uplink NOMA and OMA

In this paper, we compare the resource allocation fairness of uplink communications between non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) schemes and orthogonal multiple access (OMA) schemes. Through characterizing the contribution of the individual user data rate to the system sum rate, we analyze the fundamental reasons that NOMA offers a more fair resource allocation than that of OMA in asymmetric channels. Furthermore, a fairness indicator metric based on Jain's index is proposed to measure the asymmetry of multiuser channels. More importantly, the proposed metric provides a selection criterion for choosing between NOMA and OMA for fair resource allocation. Based on this discussion, we propose a hybrid NOMA-OMA scheme to further enhance the users fairness. Simulation results confirm the accuracy of the proposed metric and demonstrate the fairness enhancement of the proposed hybrid NOMA-OMA scheme compared to the conventional OMA and NOMA schemes.Comment: 6 pages, accepted for publication, VTC 2017, Spring, Sydne

Leggett-Garg inequalities for multitime processe

We study some aspects of the Leggett-Garg inequalities by using the operator-state formalism for multitime processes. A new type of temporal quantum state, which we call process states, is introduced to investigate the Leggett-Garg inequalities and their violations. We find the sufficient conditions on process states for the Leggett-Garg inequalities to hold, in line with the no-signaling in time conditions. Based on these new conditions on process states, we find a new way of characterizing the environmental influences on the violation of Leggett-Garg inequalities through the structure of process states.Comment: 11 page

Feature extraction of the weak periodic signal of rolling element bearing’ early fault based on shift invariant sparse coding

When fault such as pit failure arises in the rolling element bearing the vibration signal of which will take on periodic characteristics, and the abrupt failure of rotating machinery can be avoided effectively if the weak periodic characteristics of the early fault stage is extracted timely. However, the periodic characteristics of bearing’ early weak fault is hard to be extracted usually and the reasons can be boiled to as following: Firstly, the weak periodic signal of rolling element bearing’ early fault stage is buried by the strong background noise. Secondly, the weak fault cannot show the complete shock attenuation impulsive characteristic due to its weak energy, so the traditional wavelet transform would not work effectively if a proper wavelet basis function fitting for analyzing the impulsive characteristics is not selected. To solve the above two problems, a feature extraction method of the weak periodic signal of rolling element bearing’ early fault based on Shift Invariant Sparse Coding (SISC) originating from sparse representation is proposed in the paper. To capture the underlying structure of machinery fault signal, SICS provides an effective basis functions learning scheme by solving the flowing two convex optimization problems iteratively: 1) L1-regularized least squares problem. 2) L2-constrained least squares problem. The fault feature can be probably contained and extracted if optimal latent component is filtered among these basis functions. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through the corresponding simulation and experiment